煤炭在我国的一次能源消费中占到75%左右，燃煤火力发电厂产生的烟气是大气污染的重要来源。在目前的燃煤烟气脱硫技术中，石灰石－石膏湿法是我国大力推广的技术，此技术适用于常见煤种，具有90%以上的效脱硫率，95%以上的系统回用率和90%以上的吸收剂利用率，此套工艺运行稳定，而且石灰石来源广泛，价格便宜。

　　Coal accounts for about 75% of China's primary energy consumption, and the flue gas generated by coal-fired power plants is an important source of air pollution. In the current coal-fired flue gas desulfurization technology, the limestone gypsum wet process is a widely promoted technology in China. This technology is suitable for common coal types and has an effective desulfurization rate of over 90%, a system reuse rate of over 95%, and an absorbent utilization rate of over 90%. This process runs stably and has a wide range of limestone sources and is inexpensive.

　　因此，我国的脱硫废水主要是石灰石－石膏湿脱硫技术所产生的，也就是麻麻趴跪着掀裙子调教麻豆通常所说的脱硫废水。下面概括几种脱硫废水的深度处理工艺。

　　Therefore, the desulfurization wastewater in China is mainly generated by limestone gypsum wet desulfurization technology, which is commonly referred to as desulfurization wastewater. Below are several advanced treatment processes for desulfurization wastewater.

　　?1?脱硫废水蒸发浓缩

　　1. Evaporation and concentration of desulfurization wastewater

　　通过蒸发和干燥设备能够让脱硫废水分离成为高质量的水或水蒸气以及固体废弃物，可以实现水的循环使用，可以完成火力发电厂废水零排放，此方法的缺点是需要高额的投资，目前在国内还没有实际运行的实例。脱硫废水蒸发系统由四个部分构成，分别是热输入、热回收、排热以及附属系统部分；低压蒸汽和热交换管内流动的循环脱硫废水在水加热器内水进行热交换，加热沸腾了的循环脱硫废水分别流到每个闪蒸室内进行闪蒸，蒸发出的水蒸汽通过除雾器和蒸发器上部的热交换管再进行热交换冷凝，每一级所得到的蒸汽凝结水被热交换管下端的蒸馏水托盘收集，从而实现固液分离，此工艺技术流程操作简单，蒸发回收水水质良好，此工艺的投资成本太高限制了它在实际脱硫废水工程中的应用。

　　Through evaporation and drying equipment, desulfurization wastewater can be separated into high-quality water or steam, as well as solid waste, which can achieve water recycling and achieve zero discharge of wastewater from thermal power plants. The disadvantage of this method is that it requires high investment, and there are currently no actual operating examples in China. The desulfurization wastewater evaporation system consists of four parts, namely heat input, heat recovery, heat dissipation, and ancillary system parts; The circulating desulfurization wastewater flowing in the low-pressure steam and heat exchange tubes undergoes heat exchange in the water heater. The heated and boiled circulating desulfurization wastewater flows into each flash evaporation chamber for flash evaporation. The evaporated water vapor is then condensed by heat exchange through the demister and heat exchange tubes on the upper part of the evaporator. The condensed water obtained from each stage is collected by the distilled water tray at the lower end of the heat exchange tube, thereby achieving solid-liquid separation. This process technology has a simple operation and good water quality for evaporation recovery. The high investment cost of this process limits its application in actual desulfurization wastewater engineering.

　　2?脱硫废水的生物处理

　　Biological treatment of desulfurization wastewater

　　脱硫废水中COD固然不高，但有别于一般的废水，脱硫废水形成的化学需氧量的主要因素是还原态的无机物，并不是有机物，脱硫废水还有高盐度，高氨氮和高总氮的特点，这说明脱硫废水的可生化性很差。目前，国内外学者提出了一些突破传统理论的新认识和新发现，特别是在生物脱氮工艺上有了新的突破，像短程硝化反硝化、厌氧氨氧化、同步硝化反硝化、好氧反硝化等为脱硫废水的处理提供了新的思路。厌氧氨氧化作为脱硫废水生物脱氨工艺具有巨大的应用潜力，但是脱硫废水的高盐度会抑制厌氧氨氧化细菌的活性，厌氧氨氧化细菌如何才能适应脱硫废水这样的成分复杂的废水还需要深入的研究；脱硫废水复杂性对微生物的活性具有很强的抑制作用，微生物可以通过适当的驯化去抵制脱硫废水的毒性，对于脱硫废水对活性污泥的毒性的影响也是需要进一步的研究。以活性污泥法为代表的生化处理工艺已是相当成熟，活性污泥法具有操作简单，廉价高效等特点，如果可以将活性污泥法应用到脱硫废水处理中将会给脱硫废水的处理带来新的视野。

　　Although the COD in desulfurization wastewater is not high, it is different from ordinary wastewater. The main factor causing the chemical oxygen demand in desulfurization wastewater is the reduced inorganic matter, not the organic matter. The desulfurization wastewater also has the characteristics of high salinity, high ammonia nitrogen, and high total nitrogen, which indicates that the biodegradability of desulfurization wastewater is poor. At present, scholars at home and abroad have proposed some new understandings and discoveries that break through traditional theories, especially in the field of biological nitrogen removal processes, such as short-range nitrification denitrification, anaerobic ammonia oxidation, synchronous nitrification denitrification, aerobic denitrification, etc., which provide new ideas for the treatment of desulfurization wastewater. Anaerobic ammonia oxidation, as a biological ammonia removal process for desulfurization wastewater, has great potential for application. However, the high salinity of desulfurization wastewater can inhibit the activity of anaerobic ammonia oxidation bacteria. Further research is needed on how anaerobic ammonia oxidation bacteria can adapt to the complex composition of desulfurization wastewater; The complexity of desulfurization wastewater has a strong inhibitory effect on the activity of microorganisms. Microorganisms can resist the toxicity of desulfurization wastewater through appropriate domestication. Further research is needed to investigate the impact of desulfurization wastewater on the toxicity of activated sludge. The biochemical treatment process represented by the activated sludge method is quite mature. The activated sludge method has the characteristics of simple operation, low cost and high efficiency. If the activated sludge method can be applied to the treatment of desulfurization wastewater, it will bring new perspectives to the treatment of desulfurization wastewater.

　　3?微生物燃料电池对脱硫废水的处理

　　Treatment of desulfurization wastewater by 3 microbial fuel cells

　　微生物燃料电池(microbialfuelcell，MFC)是将废水中有机物的化学能转化为电能，在去除污染物的同时将产生的电能回收，实现了能量转化。近年来随着微生物燃料电池的迅速发展，作为一种新的反应装置有着高效的去除污染物的效果和产电回收能源的双重效果，微生物燃料电池的发展不可限量，将微生物燃料电池与脱硫废水的处理结合起来会是一个很好的出路。图1 ?MFC系统组成微生物燃料电池的示意图如图1所示，MFC一般由阳极、膜和阴极组成，在常见的MFC阳极室内，厌氧产电微生物通过呼吸作用将供体的有机污染物氧化来，释放出电子和质子，产生的电子将通过位于细胞外膜的电子载体(例如细胞色素c或被称为纳米导线的菌毛)传递到阳极，然后再经过外部电路转移到阴极，释放出产生的能量，从而产生电流；质子通过离子交换膜转移到阴极，在阴极室内，质子、电子受体和电子发生还原反应，微生物燃料电池是能够在常温常压下进行难降解物质的降解和能量的转换。对于脱硫废水这样的难降解的污染物，需要添加容易降解的有机物作为共生基质，也就是在共代谢的条件下才能被有效降解，对使用MFC和UASB对硫化废水的处理进行比较，得出MFC对处理硫化废水有着较好的效果和较高的经济性。

　　Microbial fuel cell (MFC) converts the chemical energy of organic matter in wastewater into electrical energy, and recovers the generated electrical energy while removing pollutants, achieving energy conversion. In recent years, with the rapid development of microbial fuel cells, as a new reaction device, it has a dual effect of efficient removal of pollutants and energy recovery from electricity production. The development of microbial fuel cells is unlimited, and combining microbial fuel cells with desulfurization wastewater treatment will be a good way out. Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of the composition of a microbial fuel cell in an MFC system. MFC generally consists of an anode, a membrane, and a cathode. In a common MFC anode chamber, anaerobic electricity producing microorganisms oxidize organic pollutants from donors through respiration, releasing electrons and protons. The generated electrons are transferred to the anode through an electron carrier located on the outer membrane of the cell (such as cytochrome c or pili called nanowires), and then transferred to the cathode through an external circuit, releasing the generated energy and generating an electric current; Protons are transferred to the cathode through an ion exchange membrane. In the cathode chamber, protons, electron acceptors, and electrons undergo reduction reactions. Microbial fuel cells are capable of degrading difficult to degrade substances and converting energy at room temperature and pressure. For pollutants such as desulfurization wastewater that are difficult to degrade, it is necessary to add easily degradable organic matter as a symbiotic matrix, which can only be effectively degraded under co metabolism conditions. Comparing the treatment of sulfide wastewater using MFC and UASB, it is concluded that MFC has a better effect and higher economy in treating sulfide wastewater.

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